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Shiva-yoga, the secret name of which is Animisha-yoga, has been addressed as Prachina-yoga or the ancient Yoga in the Upanishads. Shiva-yoga has a very ancient history dating back to the chalcolithic age (Copper Age) which goes as far back as 5000 BC. The recent findings of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa have proved the existence of an advanced stage of civilization of a people that flourished in the Indus Valley. In the Proto-Indian period, the worship of Linga in the temples as also the worship of Linga worn on the body was in existence. The decipherment of the Mohenjo Daro inscriptions helps us to have a glimpse about the religion and philosophy of Proto-Indians or Dravidians. The self-existence of God is evident from the name of God Iruvan, the one who exists. Linga is the unifying principle of Shiva and Shakti, of Sat and Chit aspect of Reality. The concept of Linga as the union of positive and negative principles is conspicuous in the Shivagamas.
The recent findings of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa have proved the existence of an advanced stage of civilization of a people that flourished in the Indus Valley. They exhibit that the Indus people who belong to the chalcolithic age(Copper Age) which goes as far back as 5000 BC are in possession of a higly developed culture in which no vestige of Indo-Aryan influence is to be found. Sir John Marshall in his "Mohenjo Daro Indus Civilization" devotes one full chapter to the religion of the Indus people. Therein he concludes that those people worshipped Mother Goddess, Shakti, and a male deity Shiva. He identified the male deity with Shiva because of the prominent characteristics of the deity having three eyes and being a Mahayogin as represented on seals, images, carvings and other signs discovered in different sites. Thus remarks Sir John Marshall:
"In the religion of the Indus people there is much of course that might be paralleled in other countries. This is true of every prehistoric and of most historic religions as well. But taken as a whole, their religion is so characteristically Indian as hardly to be distinguishable from the still living Hinduism or at least from that aspect of it which is bound up with the animism and the cults of Shiva and Mother Goddess - still the two most potent forces in popular worship."
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Image Courtsey -- http://www.harappa.com
The term Minakanna, obtained in the same inscriptions, suggests the early idea of yogic discipline. In those remote days, the yogis noted for their asceticism and discipline were addressed as Minas. That life of asceticism was practised in the Proto-Indian period is evident from the fact that one of the inscriptions mentions, "the learned Minas who dwell in the caves". Cave dwelling was not ordinary in those days when beautifully built brick houses were common. The learned Minas dwelling in the caves could not be but ascetics. Shiva-yoga was sponsored by these learned Minas dwelling in the caves. "One marble statue has the head, neck and body quite erect and half shut eyes fixed on the tip of the nose. Another is draped in the upavita fashion passing over the left shoulder and under his right arm. His shawl has rosettes having a form of the Bilva leaf, the most sacred material for worship in the Shiva cult. The philosophy of the age crystallized in the discipline known later as Brahmacharya. Sexual restraint is in evidence in the urdhvamedra representation of Shiva on the seal. It is not phallic orgies but their conquest that constituted the essence of yoga at that time." Shiva-yoga has a historical background though we are unable to formulate all the details of Shiva-yoga prevailing at that period. In course of time, the practice of Shiva-yoga and even the shape of Linga seem to have undergone changes. Shiva-yoga is democratic in the sense that everybody is eligible to practise it, irrespective of caste, colour, creed, rank, age, sex and position. It is scientific in the sense that it is entirely based upon the laws of light and electricity.
Shiva is addressed as Lingodhbhavamurti, the self-existent Truth. The image of Shiva, called Shivalinga, found in all the Shaivite temples is only a plastic representation of this self-existent Truth. In the Proto-Indian period, the worship of Linga in the temples as also the worship of Linga worn on the body was in existence. As time rolled on, a distinction arose in the mode of worship. The worshippers of Linga worn on the body were known as Virashaivas. The Linga worshipped in the temples goes by the name of Shivalinga or Sthvaralinga and the Linga worshipped and worn on the body goes by the name Ishtalinga. "The only explanation applicable to them (the Lingas found in the Indus Valley) is that they were sacred objects of some sort, larger ones serving as anconic amalgamate, the smaller as amulets to be carried on the person, just as miniature Lingas are commonly carried by Shaivites today." Ishtalinga is a miniature of Shivalinga; it is worshipped by placing it on the palm of the left hand so raised as to bring it in line with the centre of the eyebrows. Ishtalinga is made of light, grey slate-stone and to be kept intact it is coated all over with a fine durable paste prepared out of certain ingredients. The colour of the paste is blue-black or indigo; the colour of Ajna chakra, situated in the centre of the eyebrows, is also indigo. The colour of the covering of Ishtalinga and that of Ajna chakra, being akin in nature, they act and react upon each other thus enriching the magnetic force or intuitive power.
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The term Minakanna is pregnant with meaning. In after days, it was translated into Sanskrit as Animishadristi or unblinking gaze. Crystal gazing is as old as the hills and the belief that it generates magnetism is also equally old. It was only in 1850 that John Reichenback discovered this magnetism and described it as odylic force. He announced that odylic force could be generated by crystal gazing and by crystal magnets on the human body and human hands. His experiments were conducted in the natural waking condition of a subject. Since then odylic force has been photographed and there are reasons to believe that magnetic crystals and human bodies send forth emanations which can be felt and sometimes seen by sensitive persons. Ishtalinga which is an indispensable means of Shiva-yoga is a stone with a glazing covering; since the steadfast gaze on Ishtalinga generates magnetism, Ishtalinga is a crystal magnet.
Crystal gazing enables one to observe the emanations extending from the etheric body and to determine the state of a person’s health by the colour and intensity of the aura. The etheric body sends out longer and shorter or positive and negative vibrations and this is why the appearance of those vibrations outside the physical body is known as the etheric double. The aura depends upon the etheric power which the etheric body sends out, permitting greater ease in the transmission of those rays where the vibrations tend to neutralize, the negative long vibrations tend to curve in and contact the positive vibrations causing short circuiting which makes the aura dull and spotted. The etheric body is the connecting link between the physical body and the ego, when the main positive-negative vibration at the glabella, that is, at the centre between the eyebrows is neutralized, the silver cord connecting the body and the ego is said to have broken loose. The steadfast gaze on the speck of light reflected in the coating of Linga placed at the palm of the left hand so raised to come in line with the centre of the eyebrows, keeps the silver cord intact making the body disease free and ego care-free.
Minakanna or Animishadristi came to be identified with Samyama. Samyama or the concentrated gaze is the secret upon which the whole of Patanjali sutra hinges. When one has succeeded in mastering this Samyama one will come into the possession of occult powers. But Samyama is to be practised stage after stage, the higher one is to be resorted to only after the lower one has been won. Samyama should pass from the gross to the subtle, from the subtle to the causal, from the outer to the inner, from the inner to the innermost. This gradation has been recognized by Shiva-yoga. In Shiva-yoga the process is threefold which involves Samyama on Ishtalinga, Pranalinga and Bhavalinga - the outer, the inner, the innermost. The concentrated gaze on Ishtalinga reveals the inner light which is known as Pranalinga or Jyotirlinga. The gaze on the inner light leads one to the realization of the innermost light or Bhavalinga; when this innermost light is realized by the yogin, the knowledge of subtle things will be intuitively revealed. The Shivagamas and the Vachana literature of the 12th century which preserve intact this ancient culture of Shiva-yoga, speak of its glory and greatness in eloquent terms.
The decipherment of the Mohenjo Daro inscriptions helps us to have a glimpse about the religion and philosophy of Proto-Indians or Dravidians. The self-existence of God is evident from the name of God Iruvan, the one who exists. The early idea of yogic discipline can be perceived from the images of the figure of An, the male deity, seated in a yoga posture. The female deity is called Amma. Amma is the common word for mother in Dravidian languages and a good number of clay statues of Mother Goddess have been found in Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. The concept of Linga among the Indus people was in the sense of union, the union of male and female principles or Shiva and Shakti. Father Heras observes thus: "Before ending we must refer to another link still existing from those ancient days between Mohenjo Daro and Karnataka. The modern Lingayats of the Kannada country depict a sign on the walls of their houses, the meaning of which does not seem to be known to them - the sign X of Linga. This sign is often found in the inscriptions of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. It reads Kudu and means union. The sign very likely refers to the union of male and female principles which is so prominent in the religious tenets of the Virashaiva religion."
The concept of Linga as the union of positive and negative principles is conspicuous in the Shivagamas. The attempt to identify Shakti with woman and Shiva with man is a blasphemous error. As a matter of fact, they are neither male nor female nor even neuter, for the Shivagamas declare in unmistakable terms, that Shiva is the Sat aspect of reality while Shakti is its Chit aspect. Shiva and Shakti are, as it were, the transcendent and immanent, the static and dynamic, the personal and impersonal aspects of the Reality. But the Agamic seers have endeavoured to resolve the verbal opposition between these two aspects not by taking these apparently incompatible aspects one after the other, but by ascending to a height of spiritual intuition at which they are melted and merged in the unity and perceived as the completing opposites of a perfect whole. Linga is therefore the unifying principle of Shiva and Shakti, of Sat and Chit aspect of Reality.
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Image Courtsey -- http://www.harappa.com
The Indus people believed in the Supreme Being whose quiescent attributes were omniscience, benevolence and power of generation and destruction. The Supreme Being had three eyes and eightfold form. His names were Iruvan, Enmai, Tandavan, Munkan. The Dravidians worshipped Linga in the temples, the Linga which was the amorphous representation of Shiva. They worshipped Linga by sprinkling it with water or milk, by offering prayers, by meditating on the deity. Shiva had the emblems, namely, the trident, the snake, the axe which are still the characteristic emblems. They had an idea of death and judgement after death which was the basis of moral life. But to crown all these, they had a concept of the Triad - An, the Supreme Godhead; Amma, the Goddess; and Anil, the Son. These are the later day Shiva, Shakti and Sharana of the Agamas. Madame Blavatsky in her Key to Theosophy says that theosophy means divine wisdom or Brahmavidya and it comes to us from the Alexandrian philosophers called the lovers of truth. The name theosophy dating from the third century A.D. began with Ammonius Sacas and his disciples who started eclectic theosophical system. They were also denominated Neoplatonists. But its origin is much earlier as it is attributed to the Egyptian priest, Pot Amun, who lived in the early days of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Diogenes says that the name is coptic and signifies one consecrated to Amun, the God of wisdom. Here we venture to say that Amma, which is the correct form of Amun, is not originally the Egyptian deity. In reality it belongs to India and especially to Dravidians in whose trinity Amma constitutes the middle term. Amma, Uma, Maya, Mata are all cognate terms implying the divine power and wisdom of An or Shiva, the transparent Reality.
Another name of Shiva is An which becomes clear from the evidence obtained in the Puranas and Epics. The Mahabharat refers to Anu which means Shiva. The words Anu, Sthanu and Anudharma imply the religion of Shiva. Father Heras observes: "The word An - Shiva - travelled to Sumer, Egypt and other countries. The word Anu, in the feast of the striking of Anu in Egypt, is actually connected with the followers of An - Shiva."
Dravidians lived not only in the Indus Valley and the Deccan but were spread all over India. They had developed their civilization and language and had commercial relations with Egypt, Chaldea and other Mediterranean countries. It has now been proved that the names of certain articles which King Solomon’s trading ships brought him, were not originally Hebrew. These articles are sandalwood, ivory, peacocks, apes and teak, which could easily be traced through the Hebrew corruptions, have all along been set down as Dravidian words. In the ruins of the ancient Ur of the Chaldeas, built by Ur-Ea, the first king of the united Babylonia who ruled 3000 years BC, was found a piece of Indian teak and it is to be noted that teak grows on southern India from where it was exported to Babylonia. These facts simply point to a well-established commercial intercourse between the Dravidian India and Babylonia. It is but natural that with the export of commercial commodities, the cultural ideas must also have been exported into Chaldea from the Dravidian India. One of the cultural ideas that dominated the Chaldean mind was Minkan. In the Dravidian religious life Minkan or Fish-eyed represents the Supreme Deity. We read in the story of Chaldea that Fish-God is the civilizer of Chaldea.
Apart from this historical significance, Minkan has a metaphysical meaning fruitful for investigation. Minkan signifies ever vigilant vision that carries with it ever vigorous execution. Shiva is therefore the Godhead that has the inherent power of effective will and intuitive knowledge which unmistakably refers to the divine Shakti or Amma as a counterpart of An or Shiva. The Agamas wax eloquent upon this inherent relation of Shiva-Shakti and Linga represents the unifying principle of Shiva-Shakti, of being and becoming, of truth and will. The Agamas evidently emphasize the dynamic principle Shakti which is integrally associated with Shiva. But Shiva transcends Shakti in the sense that the remains calm while Shakti is the moving principle. Shakti is immanent in Shiva and it is the force of projection in creation and the force of withdrawal in liberation, through the emphasis on the principle of becoming. The Agamas, unlike Bergson, insist upon the locus of becoming to a centre. Becoming or dynamism is the ideal unfolding of the divine but behind this ideal unfolding stands Shiva - the Supreme consciousness which energizes this ideal unfolding. Shakti is the source of all possibilities - spiritual, psychic and vital, both cosmic and individual. Shiva is beyond all actuality and possibility.
In mystic experience there is a tendency in man to become God and a contrary tendency in God to become man. Without these tendencies there can be no spiritual life in the concrete. Indeed the mystery of concrete spiritual life implies a fulfillment through contradiction. Virashaivism which preserves the triad of An, Amma and Anil in the crystallized form of Shiva, Shakti and Sharana, also exhibits this contradiction. The Son, Sharana, becomes God Shiva; the divine Mother Shakti reveals the Shivahood, where the sonship is sincere and complete. The Son becomes the Father even as the Father becomes the Son through the intervention of the Mother. Allama Prabhu, the Virashaiva master mystic was the best representative of this sonship. One of his sayings runs thus: "Father produced me through the Mother and I became identified with the Father through the Mother." This cryptic saying suggests that the Son or Sharana who is the divine individual, has to attain Shivahood who is the transcendent Divine, through the medium of Shakti, the universal Divine.
